Speed
USB 3.0
USB 3.1 Gen 1
USB 3.2 Gen 1
5Gbps
USB 3.2 Gen 1×2
USB 3.2 Gen 2×1
10Gbps
USB 3.2 Gen 2×2
20Gbps (doubles the data lanes within the cable, may well get dropped in favour of USB 4)
Thunderbolt 3 via USB-C
Thunderbolt 4 via USB-C
40Gbps
Connectors
USB 3.0
USB 3.1 Gen 1
USB 3.2 Gen 1
USB Type-A or Type-C
USB 3.2 Gen 1×2
USB Type-C
USB 3.2 Gen 2×1
USB Type-A or Type-C
USB 3.2 Gen 2×2
USB Type-C
Thunderbolt 3 via USB-C
Thunderbolt 4 via USB-C
USB Type-C
Documentation
Microchip Introduction to USB Type-C App Note
Pinouts
USB 3 Type A
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_3.0#Pinouts
USB-C
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB-C#USB_Type-C_Cable_and_Connector_Specification
Cable length
Cable lengths are not explicitly specified in the USB Type-C specifications. However, the electrical requirements give practical limits
USB3.1 Type-C to Type-C cable effectively limits cable lengths to 1 meter.
USB3.0 Type-C to Type-C cable effectively limits cable lengths to 2 meters.