Speed

USB 3.0
USB 3.1 Gen 1
USB 3.2 Gen 1

5Gbps

USB 3.2 Gen 1×2
USB 3.2 Gen 2×1

10Gbps

USB 3.2 Gen 2×2

20Gbps (doubles the data lanes within the cable, may well get dropped in favour of USB 4)

Thunderbolt 3 via USB-C
Thunderbolt 4 via USB-C

40Gbps

Connectors

USB 3.0
USB 3.1 Gen 1
USB 3.2 Gen 1

USB Type-A or Type-C

USB 3.2 Gen 1×2

USB Type-C

USB 3.2 Gen 2×1

USB Type-A or Type-C

USB 3.2 Gen 2×2

USB Type-C

Thunderbolt 3 via USB-C
Thunderbolt 4 via USB-C

USB Type-C

Documentation

Microchip Introduction to USB Type-C App Note

https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/technical-articles/introduction-to-usb-type-c-which-pins-power-delivery-data-transfer/

Pinouts

USB 3 Type A

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_3.0#Pinouts

USB-C

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB-C#USB_Type-C_Cable_and_Connector_Specification

Cable length

Cable lengths are not explicitly specified in the USB Type-C specifications. However, the electrical requirements give practical limits

USB3.1 Type-C to Type-C cable effectively limits cable lengths to 1 meter.
USB3.0 Type-C to Type-C cable effectively limits cable lengths to 2 meters.